The Excesses Of Diplomatic Envoys In Light Of Sharia Policy: An Analytical Study
تجاوزات المبعوثين الدبلوماسيين في ضوء السياسة الشرعية: دراسة تحليلية
Keywords:
Diplomatic, Envoy, Immunities, Privileges, AbusesAbstract
International relations and agreements are mostly conducted through diplomatic missions and their envoys, and these have rights and duties and obligations. The Sharia policy had its own view of diplomats and dealing with them and differs from what was approved by positive laws. Abuses, therefore, the aim of this research is to clarify the importance of the position of the diplomatic envoy and the actions entrusted to it to consolidate international relations and open bridges of interdependence, while standing on the immunities and privileges that he is distinguished and supported throughout his diplomatic work in exchange for preventing harm to him and facilitating the performance of his role. This immunity and the privileges granted to him were for reasons and forms that made him fall into these violations, and Islamic law ruled on his transgressions and breaches according to the provisions of Sharia law, which differed from the positive law that established mechanisms and limits to limit these abuses and violations to control and limit the violations of diplomats. The researcher followed the descriptive and analytical approach to give a full description of the Sharia’s opinion regarding the diplomatic envoy’s violations and the proposed mechanisms to limit them, and through that the research concluded a set of results, represented in the following: that the duties and duties of the diplomatic envoy are to respect the sovereignty of the country to which he is dispatched and to adhere to the legitimate limits of his mission and not to violate them and to violate the laws. Approval of Islamic Sharia, the immunities and privileges that a diplomatic envoy enjoys in the event of his duties, and judicial immunity, through which a diplomatic envoy can escape and disavow his violations and abuses, was rejected from the proposed mechanisms that are in line with the Islamic Sharia system, which is the diplomatic envoy’s waiver of the immunity of its diplomats and his trial before the host country’s judiciary.
ملخص البحث
إن العلاقات الدولية والاتفاقيات تتم في أغلبها عن طريق البعثات الدبلوماسية ومبعوثيها وهؤلاء لهم حقوق وعليهم واجبات والتزامات. ولقد كان للسياسة الشرعية نظرتها الخاصّة للدّبلوماسيّين والتعامل معهم وتختلفُ عما أقَرَّتهُ القوانين الوضعية. ولم تغفل السياسة الشرعية عن تبيان المسلك في حالة تجاوزات المبعوثين الدبلوماسيين والآليات للحد من تلك التجاوزات. فقد هدف هذا البحث إلى توضيح أهمية مكانة المبعوث الدبلوماسي والأعمال الموكّل بها لتوطيد العلاقات الدولية وفتح جسور الترابط، مع الوقوف على الحصانات والامتيازات التي يمتاز بها ودعمته طوال عمله الدبلوماسي في مقابل منع الأذى عنه وتسهيل تأدية دوره، إلاّ أنّ المبعوث الدبلوماسي خرق وتجاوز هذه الحصانة والامتيازات الممنوحة له وكانت لأسباب وأشكال جعلته يقع في هذه المخالفات. والشريعة الإسلامية حكمت على تجاوزاته وخروقاته بحسب أحكام الشريعة والتي اختلفت عن القانون الوضعي الذي وضع آليات وحدود للحدّ من هذه التجاوزات والخروقات لضبط انتهاكات الدبلوماسيين والحد منها. واتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لإعطاء وصف كامل لرأي الشرع في تجاوزات المبعوث الدبلوماسي والآليات المقترحة للحد منها. ومن خلال ذلك خلص البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج، تمثلت في: أنّ مهام وواجبات المبعوث الدبلوماسي مراعاة سيادة الدولة المبعوث إليها والالتزام بالحدود المشروعة لمهمّته وعدم تجاوزاها وخرق للقوانين، إقرار الشّريعة الإسلامية الحصانات والامتيازات التي يتمتّع بها المبعوث الدبلوماسي حال أعماله، ورفضت الحصانة القضائيّة والتي يستطيع المبعوث الدبلوماسي من خلالها الهروب والتنصّل من مخالفاته وتجاوزاته، من الآليات المقترحة والتي تتماشى مع نظام الشريعة الإسلامية هو تنازل دولة المبعوث الدبلوماسي عن حصانة دبلوماسييها ومحاكمته أمام قضاء الدولة المستضيفة.
Downloads
References
Abi ‘Abd Al-Rahman Al-Khalil Ibn Ahmad Al-Farahidi. 1410H. Mu’jam Al-‘Ain. Bayrut: Muassasah Dar Al-Hijrah, Taba‘ah 2.
Abi Muhammad bin Hazm. 1352H. Al-Mahalli Bi Al-Athar. Bayrut: Dar Al-Fikr.
Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Qazwini. N.d. Sunan Ibn Majah. Al-Qahirah: Dar Ihya Al-Kutb Al-‘Arabiyyah.
Abu Al-Hilal Al-Hasan bin ‘Abdullah bin Sahl bin Mahran Al-‘Askari. Mu’jam Al-Faruq Al-Lughawiyyah. Iran: Muassasah Al-Nashr Al-Islami, Taba‘ah 1.
Abu Yusuf Ya’qoub bin Ibrahim bin Habib bin Sa‘ad bin Habitah Al-Ansari. N.d. Al-Kharaj. Misr: Al-Maktabah Al-Azhariyyah Lil Turath.
Adi Muhammad Yunus. 2010. Al-Tadakhul Al-Hudam Wa al-Qanun Al-Dauli Al-‘Am: Dirasah Muqaranah. Bayrut: Al-Muassasah Al-Hadithah Li Al-Kutb.
Ahmad Mukhtar ‘Abd Al-Hamid Omar. 2008. Mu’jam Al-Lughah Al-‘Arabiyyah Al-Mu‘asirah. Misr: A’lam Al-Kutb. Taba‘ah 1.
‘Ali Hussayn Al-Shami. 2007. Al-Diblomasiyyah Nash’atuha Wa Tatawwuruha Wa Qawa‘iduha Wa Nizam Al-Hasanat Wa Al-Imtiyazat Al-Diblomasiyyah. Al-Urdun: Dar Al-Thaqafah, Taba‘ah 3.
Al-Asnawi ‘Abd Al-Rahim bin Al-Hassan bin Ali Al-Shafi‘i. 1420H. Nihayah Al-Saul Sharh Minhaj Al-Wusul. Bayrut : Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, Taba‘ah 1.
Al-Buhuti, Mansur bin Yunus bin Salah Al-Din Ibn Hasan Bin Idris. 1993. Daqaiq Uli Al-Nahy Li Sharh Al-Muntaha Al-Ma’ruf Bi Sharh Muntaha Al-Iradat. Misr: ‘Alama Al-Kutb, Taba‘ah 1.
Al-Buhuti, Mansur bin Yunus bin Salah Al-Din Ibn Hasan Bin Idris Al-Buhuti Al-Hanbali. N.d. Kashaf Al-Qana’ ‘An Matn Al-Iqna’. Bayrut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Bukhari, Muhammad Bin Ismail Abu ‘Abdullah Al-Ja‘fi. 2001. Sahih Al-Bukhari. Beyrut: Dar Tawq Al-Najat, Taba‘ah 1.
Al-Dardir, Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Ahmad. 1392H. Al-Sharh Al-Saghir ‘Ala Aqrab Al-Masalik. Misr: Dar Al-Ma‘arif.
Harib, Sa‘id ‘Abd Allah. Hasanah Al-Rusl Wa Al-Ta’sis Li Qawanin Al-Hasanah Al-Diblomasiyyah. Al-Bahrayn: Mu’tamar Shara’i‘a Al-Sama’ Wa Huquq Al-Insan – ‘Audah Lil Juzur. Tarikh Al-Istighrad 5/1/2021: http://tajdeed.org/hoqooq
Ibn ‘Arafah Muhammad bin Ahmad bin ‘Arafah Al-Dasuki Al-Maliki. 1278H. Hashiah Al-Dasuki ‘Ala Al-Sharh Al-Kabir. Misr: Al-Matba‘ah Al-‘Amirah.
Ibn Hammam, Kamal Al-Din Muhammad bin ‘Abd Al-Wahid Al-Siywasi. N.d. Fatah Al-Qadir. Bayrut: Dar Al-Fikr.
Ibn Al-Hattab Al-Ra‘ini, Shams Al-Din Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Tarabilisi Al-Maghribi. 1412H. Mawahib Al-Jalil Fi Sharh Mukhtasar Khalil. Bayrut: Dar Al-Fikr, Taba‘ah 3.
Ibn Manzur, Muhammad bin Mukram bin ‘Ali Abu Al-Fadl Jamal Al-Din bin Manzur Al-Ansari Al-Ruwaifi‘i. 1414H. Lisan al-‘Arab. Bayrut: Dar Sadir.
Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad Muwaffaq Al-Din ‘Abdullah bin Ahmad bin Muhammad Al-Dimashqi Al-Hanbali. 1388H. Al-Mughni Sharh Mukhtasar al-Kharqi. Misr: Maktabah Al-Qahirah.
Al-Kasani Abu Bakr Bin Mas‘ud Bin Ahmad Al-Hanafi. 1406H. Bada’i‘a Al-Sana’i‘a Fi Tartib Al-Shara’i‘a. Bayrut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, Taba‘ah 2.
Khaled Hasan. 1999. Al-Diblomasiyyah Wal Qanun Al-Diblomasi. Al-Urdun: Dairah Al-Maktabah Al-Wataniyyah.
Muhammad Abu Zahrah. N.d. Al-Jarimah Wa Al-‘Uqubah Fi Fiqh Al-Islami. Al-Qahirah: Dar Al-Fikr Al-‘Arabi.
Muslim Ibn Al-Hajjaj Abu Al-Hasan Al-Qushairi Al-Naisabouri. N.d. Sahih Muslim. Bayrut: Dar Ihya Turath Al-‘Arabi.
Al-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria Muhyi Al-Din Yahya bin Sharf. N.d. Al-Majmu’ Sharh Al-Muhadhab. Dimasyq: Dar Al-Fikr.
Rahim Al-Shaibani. 2010. Athar Tujawiz Al-Mab’uth Al-Diblomasi Li Muhamah Al-Mansus Alaiha Fi Ittifaqiyyah Vienna. Amman: Manshurat Al-Halabi, Taba‘ah 2.
Al-Razi, Zayn Al-Din Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr Al-Hanafi. 1999. Mukhtar Al-Sahah. Bayrut: Al-Maktabah Al-Asriyyah - Al-Dar Al-Namuzijiyyah, Taba‘ah 5.
Al-Sam‘aani Abu Al-Muzafar, Mansur Bin Muhammad Bin ‘Abd Al-Jabbar Ibn Ahmad Al-Marwazi. 1418H. Qawati’ Al-Adillah Fi Al-Usul. Bayrut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Abi Sahl Shams Al-A’immah. 1993. Al-Mabsut. Bayrut: Dar Al-Ma’rifah.
Al-Sharbini, Shams Al-Din Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Khatib. 1415H. Mughni Al-Muhtaj Ila Ma’rifah Ma‘ani Alfaz Al-Manhaj. Bayrut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, Taba‘ah Al-Ula.
Al-Shirazi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ali bin Yusuf Al-Fayrouz Abadi. 1986. Al-Muhadhab Fi Fiqh Al-Imam Al-Shafi‘i. Bayrut: Dar Al-Fikr, Taba‘ah 2.
Al-Sijistani, Abu Daud Sulaiman bin Al-Ash‘ath bin Ishaq Al-Azdi. N.d. Sunan Abu Daud. Bayrut: Al-Maktabah Al-‘Asriyyah.
Thamer Kamel Muhammad. 2001. Al-Diblomasiyyah Al-Muasirah Wa Istratijiyyah Idarah Al-Mufawwidhat. Al-Urdun : Dar Al-Masirah Lil Tibaah, Tabaah 1.
Al-Tirmidhi, Muhammad bin Isa bin Saurah bin Musa bin al-Dahak. 1998. Sunan al-Tirmidhi. Bayrut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.