al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies

A NEEDS ANALYSIS OF PRE-MARITAL SCREENING FOR NON-HIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS) IN MALAYSIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FIQH AL-MIZAN

2026-06-16T16:19:17+08:00

The implementation of pre-marital HIV screening in Malaysia shows that disease prevention has been integrated as a preventive mechanism in the governance of Muslim marriage. However, the current scope of screening remains focused on HIV alone, although other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and genital herpes may also affect spouses, children and marital harmony. Hence, this study aims to analyse the need for pre-marital non-HIV STD screening through the framework of Fiqh al-Mizan. This study employed a qualitative approach based on document analysis. The issue is analysed through two mizan axes, namely the individual-society axis and the maslahah-mafsadah axis. From the individual-society axis, screening for STDs other than HIV is as necessary as HIV screening because it safeguards individual rights while protecting spouses and children from preventable infectious diseases. From the maslahah-mafsadah axis, not conducting screening causes greater harm than conducting it. This is consistent with the maqasid syariah particularly hifz al-nafs and hifz al-nasl. Therefore, screening for STDs other than HIV should be made mandatory. The medical aspects of its implementation should be detailed by the Ministry of Health Malaysia, while religious institutions should establish the Islamic legal principles, maqasid framework and ethical guidelines. The study contributes to strengthening the governance of Muslim marriage and public health by proposing a more balanced, ethical and comprehensive screening policy that safeguards both public health interests and individual rights.

Pelaksanaan saringan HIV pra-perkahwinan di Malaysia menunjukkan bahawa pencegahan penyakit telah diintegrasikan sebagai mekanisme pencegahan dalam tadbir urus perkahwinan Muslim. Walau bagaimanapun, skop saringan semasa masih tertumpu kepada HIV sahaja, sedangkan penyakit jangkitan kelamin lain seperti sifilis, gonorea, klamidia dan herpes genital juga boleh menjejaskan pasangan, zuriat dan keharmonian rumah tangga. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keperluan saringan STD selain HIV dalam konteks pra-perkahwinan melalui kerangka Fiqh al-Mizan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berasaskan analisis dokumen. Isu ini dianalisis melalui dua paksi mizan, iaitu paksi individu-masyarakat dan paksi maslahah-mafsadah. Dari sudut paksi individu-masyarakat, saringan STD selain HIV adalah sama penting seperti saringan HIV kerana ia memelihara hak individu di samping melindungi pasangan dan anak-anak daripada penyakit berjangkit yang boleh dicegah. Dari sudut paksi maslahah-mafsadah, tidak melaksanakan saringan membawa mudarat yang lebih besar berbanding melaksanakannya. Hal ini selaras dengan maqasid syariah, khususnya hifz al-nafs dan hifz al-nasl. Oleh itu, saringan STD selain HIV wajar dijadikan mandatori. Aspek perubatan dalam pelaksanaannya hendaklah diperincikan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, manakala institusi agama perlu menetapkan prinsip perundangan Islam, kerangka maqasid dan garis panduan etika. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada pengukuhan tadbir urus perkahwinan Muslim dan kesihatan awam dengan mencadangkan dasar saringan yang lebih seimbang, beretika dan komprehensif serta memelihara kepentingan kesihatan awam dan hak individu.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR AN ADVANCED ARABIC SPEAKING MODEL INTEGRATING NAHU WAZIFI, CEFR AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2026-06-29T04:08:39+08:00

The absence of an integrative framework often results in teaching that is detached from authentic communicative contexts and poses ethical dilemmas in technology usage. Therefore, the development of a conceptual framework integrating Functional Grammar (Nahu Wazifi), CEFR standards, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial in the structuring of advanced Arabic conversation modules. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework to strengthen students' communicative competence and digital literacy through a qualitative approach. It employed document analysis as a data collection method. The data were derived from the module, CEFR rubrics and task production involving 108 students. The framework development was tested across three authentic contexts: location reporting, interaction with native speakers, and public speaking. These assessments were aligned with CEFR-based hybrid rubrics (levels B2-C1) and a three-phase AI-review Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to ensure discourse authenticity. The analysis revealed that the conceptual framework effectively maps grammar operations as a 'resource for meaning' in interactions, while the systematic AI control mechanisms were found to strengthen the framework’s structural integrity and academic integrity. Overall, the development of this holistic conceptual framework bridges the pedagogical gap between linguistic theory and technological application, offering an innovative new model for Arabic language education globally.

Ketiadaan suatu kerangka integratif yang menyeluruh sering menyebabkan pengajaran bahasa Arab terpisah daripada konteks komunikasi autentik, di samping menimbulkan pelbagai persoalan etika dalam penggunaan teknologi. Oleh itu, pembangunan suatu kerangka konseptual yang mengintegrasikan pendekatan Nahu Wazifi, piawaian Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) dan Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence, AI) adalah penting dalam mereka bentuk modul pertuturan bahasa Arab lanjutan. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan membangunkan satu kerangka konseptual yang komprehensif bagi memperkukuh kompetensi komunikasi dan literasi digital pelajar melalui pendekatan kualitatif. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen sebagai kaedah pengumpulan data. Data diperoleh daripada modul pembelajaran, rubrik CEFR serta hasil tugasan yang melibatkan 108 orang pelajar. Pembangunan kerangka ini diuji melalui tiga konteks komunikasi autentik, iaitu pemberitaan lokasi, interaksi bersama penutur jati bahasa Arab dan pengucapan awam. Kesemua konteks tersebut dinilai menggunakan rubrik hibrid berasaskan CEFR (tahap B2–C1) serta Prosedur Operasi Standard (SOP) semakan AI tiga fasa bagi memastikan keaslian dan ketulenan wacana yang dihasilkan. Analisis kajian menunjukkan bahawa kerangka konseptual yang dibangunkan berjaya memetakan fungsi tatabahasa sebagai “sumber pembinaan makna” dalam interaksi komunikasi. Pada masa yang sama, mekanisme kawalan AI yang sistematik didapati mampu memperkukuh integriti struktur kerangka serta integriti akademik dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Secara keseluruhannya, pembangunan kerangka konseptual yang holistik ini mampu merapatkan jurang pedagogi antara teori linguistik dan aplikasi teknologi, sekali gus menawarkan satu model inovatif baharu bagi pendidikan bahasa Arab di peringkat global.

THE ROLE OF MOSQUE MANAGEMENT IN MOSQUE ENLIVENMENT BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF RAHMATAN LIL ‘ALAMIN

2026-07-15T12:52:35+08:00

The concept of Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin is a fundamental principle in Islam that emphasizes compassion, tolerance and universal well-being across religious, racial and cultural boundaries. In the contemporary context, the application of this concept is significant in mosque management as a centre for holistic ummah development. This study aims to analyse the role of the Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin concept in strengthening mosque management and its contribution to social development, education and community harmony. The study employs a qualitative approach through content analysis of the Qur’an, hadith and previous studies related to mosque enlivenment and the concept of mercy. The findings show that applying Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin values in mosque management can expand the function of mosques beyond places of worship to centres of education, welfare and social unity. In addition, mercy-based administration contributes to the formation of an inclusive, harmonious and prosperous society. Therefore, integrating Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin into mosque management is important in realising the role of the mosque as a competitive ummah development institution that remains relevant to contemporary needs.

Abstrak

Konsep Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin merupakan prinsip asas dalam Islam yang menekankan nilai kasih sayang, toleransi dan kesejahteraan sejagat merentasi batas agama, bangsa dan budaya. Dalam konteks semasa, pengaplikasian konsep ini amat signifikan khususnya dalam pengurusan institusi masjid sebagai pusat pembangunan ummah yang holistik. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peranan konsep Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin dalam memperkasa pengurusan masjid serta sumbangannya terhadap pembangunan sosial, pendidikan dan keharmonian masyarakat. Metodologi kajian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis kandungan terhadap sumber al-Qur’an, hadis serta kajian-kajian lepas berkaitan pengimarahan masjid dan konsep rahmah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa penerapan nilai Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin dalam pengurusan masjid mampu memperluaskan fungsi masjid bukan sahaja sebagai tempat ibadah, tetapi juga sebagai pusat pendidikan, kebajikan dan perpaduan masyarakat. Selain itu, nilai rahmah yang diaplikasikan dalam pentadbiran masjid dapat menyumbang kepada pembentukan masyarakat yang inklusif, harmoni dan sejahtera. Justeru, kajian ini menegaskan bahawa pengintegrasian konsep Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin dalam pengurusan masjid adalah penting dalam merealisasikan peranan masjid sebagai institusi pembangunan ummah yang berdaya saing dan relevan dengan keperluan semasa.

MORAL CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS THROUGH TAZKIYAH AL-NAFS: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION

2026-07-15T12:10:12+08:00

The decline of moral conduct among students has become one of the major challenges in contemporary education, necessitating a more holistic approach grounded in spiritual development. Islamic education places moral character as a fundamental objective; however, its implementation often focuses primarily on external behavioral aspects without sufficient emphasis on inner spiritual development. In this regard, this study aims to conceptually analyze the role of tazkiyah al-nafs as a foundation for students’ moral character development within the framework of Islamic education. This study adopts a qualitative approach through conceptual analysis of primary and secondary sources related to tazkiyah al-nafs, moral character, and Islamic education, based on library research. Specifically, it seeks to elaborate the concept of tazkiyah al-nafs within the tradition of Islamic education and to examine its role in shaping students’ moral character. The findings indicate that tazkiyah al-nafs constitutes a continuous educational process encompassing the purification of negative traits (takhalli), the cultivation of virtuous qualities (tahalli), and the internalization of moral values (tajalli) in daily life. This process fosters self-awareness, self-regulation, and emotional balance among students, thereby producing well-balanced individuals with noble character. Overall, this study contributes to strengthening moral character development by emphasizing the importance of a tazkiyah al-nafs-based approach in nurturing holistic and ethically grounded students.

Abstrak

Kemerosotan akhlak dalam kalangan pelajar merupakan salah satu cabaran utama pendidikan kontemporari yang menuntut pendekatan lebih menyeluruh dan berteraskan pembangunan spiritual. Pendidikan Islam meletakkan akhlak sebagai matlamat asas pendidikan, namun pelaksanaannya sering tertumpu kepada aspek luaran tingkah laku tanpa memberi penekanan mencukupi terhadap pembinaan jiwa. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis secara konseptual peranan tazkiyah al-nafs sebagai asas pembentukan akhlak pelajar dalam kerangka pendidikan Islam. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan melalui analisis konseptual terhadap sumber-sumber primer dan sekunder yang berkaitan dengan tazkiyah al-nafs, akhlak dan pendidikan Islam berdasarkan kajian kepustakaan. Kajian ini bertujuan menghuraikan konsep tazkiyah al-nafs dalam tradisi pendidikan Islam serta menganalisis peranan tazkiyah al-nafs (penyucian jiwa) dalam pembentukan akhlak pelajar. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tazkiyah al-nafs merupakan proses pendidikan berterusan yang merangkumi pembersihan sifat tercela (takhalli), pembinaan sifat terpuji (tahalli) dan penghayatan akhlak (tajalli) dalam kehidupan seharian. Proses ini membentuk kesedaran diri, kawalan jiwa dan keseimbangan emosi pelajar, seterusnya melahirkan insan yang seimbang dan berakhlak mulia. Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini menyumbang kepada pengukuhan pembentukan akhlak dengan menegaskan kepentingan pendekatan berteraskan tazkiyah al-nafs dalam usaha melahirkan pelajar yang seimbang.

CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF MAQASID HIFZ AL-MAL ON CHOOSING A SHARIAH-COMPLIANT EPF AMONG MUSLIM EMPLOYEES

2026-07-01T15:59:53+08:00

Zakat functions as a mechanism of worship and a socio-economic instrument in Islam that aims to preserve wealth in line with the Maqasid Syariah, especially the principle of hifz al-mal. In Malaysia, the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) is the main retirement savings instrument for Muslim workers, but the level of participation in the EPF Simpanan Shariah is still low even though it was introduced as a fully Sharia-compliant alternative. This situation is further exacerbated by the issue of awareness and understanding of EPF zakat, the introduction of Flexible Accounts that allow early withdrawals, and differences in EPF zakat fatwas between states that have the potential to cause confusion among contributors. Therefore, this study aims to assess the level of understanding and awareness of zakat among Muslims in Malaysia regarding the EPF Simpanan Shariah and examine the implementation of Sharia based on legal sources and fatwas of the states involved. This study uses a narrative approach to literature review to examine various views and differences in fatwas related to EPF zakat. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the understanding of the EPF's understanding of zakat among Muslims, explain the implications of issuing Flexible Accounts on zakat obligations, and suggest improvements to the EPF's Shariah implementation policies and coordination to strengthen zakat compliance and asset protection based on Maqasid Shariah.

Abstrak

Zakat berfungsi sebagai mekanisme ibadah dan instrumen sosioekonomi dalam Islam yang bertujuan memelihara harta selaras dengan Maqasid Syariah, khususnya prinsip hifz al-mal. Di Malaysia, Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja (KWSP) merupakan instrumen simpanan persaraan utama bagi pekerja Muslim, namun tahap penyertaan dalam Simpanan Shariah KWSP masih rendah walaupun ia diperkenalkan sebagai alternatif patuh Syariah sepenuhnya. Situasi ini diburukkan lagi dengan isu kesedaran dan kefahaman zakat KWSP, pengenalan Akaun Fleksibel yang membolehkan pengeluaran awal, serta perbezaan fatwa zakat KWSP antara negeri yang berpotensi menimbulkan kekeliruan dalam kalangan pencarum. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan menilai tahap kefahaman dan kesedaran berzakat dalam kalangan Muslim di Malaysia terhadap Simpanan Shariah KWSP serta meneliti pelaksanaan Syariah berdasarkan sumber hukum dan fatwa negeri-negeri terlibat. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan naratif kajian literatur bagi mengkaji pelbagai pandangan dan perbezaan fatwa berkaitan zakat KWSP. Dapatan kajian ini dijangka menyumbang kepada pemahaman mengenai kefahaman zakat KWSP dalam kalangan Muslim, menjelaskan implikasi pengeluaran Akaun Fleksibel terhadap kewajipan zakat, serta mencadangkan penambahbaikan dasar dan penyelarasan pelaksanaan Syariah KWSP bagi memperkukuh pematuhan zakat dan perlindungan harta berasaskan Maqasid Syariah.

EVALUATING THE USABILITY OF DARURIYYAT CONSTRUCTS IN THE SHARIAH-COMPLIANT HOTEL MODEL USING THE NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE (NGT)

2026-07-03T15:58:07+08:00

This study aims to evaluate the usability of the Daruriyyat construct as a fundamental component in developing a Shariah-Compliant Hotel Service Model based on Maqasid Shariah in Malaysia. The Daruriyyat construct encompasses five core elements: the preservation of religion (hifz al-din), life (hifz al-nafs), intellect (hifz al-‘aql), lineage (hifz al-nasl), and wealth (hifz al-mal). The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was employed to obtain expert consensus on the suitability of this construct within the context of Shariah-compliant hotel services. A total of seven (7) experts, comprising academicians, industry practitioners, and Shariah authorities, participated in the NGT session. Findings indicate a high level of consensus among experts across all Daruriyyat elements, thereby confirming its usability as the foundation of the proposed model. These findings not only strengthen the development of the Shariah-Compliant Hotel Service Model but also provide significant implications for the Islamic hospitality industry in ensuring the holistic application of Maqasid Shariah principles.

Abstrak

Kajian ini bertujuan menilai kebolehgunaan konstruk Daruriyyat sebagai komponen asas dalam pembangunan Model Perkhidmatan Hotel Patuh Syariah berteraskan Maqasid Syariah di Malaysia. Konstruk Daruriyyat merangkumi lima elemen utama iaitu pemeliharaan agama (hifz al-din), pemeliharaan nyawa (hifz al-nafs), pemeliharaan akal (hifz al-‘aql), pemeliharaan keturunan (hifz al-nasl), dan pemeliharaan harta (hifz al-mal). Kaedah Nominal Group Technique (NGT) digunakan bagi mendapatkan konsensus pakar berkaitan kesesuaian konstruk tersebut dalam konteks perkhidmatan hotel patuh Syariah. Seramai tujuh (7) orang pakar, yang terdiri daripada akademia, pengamal industri, dan pihak berautoriti Syariah telah terlibat dalam sesi perbincangan NGT. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap konsensus tinggi dicapai terhadap semua elemen Daruriyyat, sekali gus mengesahkan kebolehgunaannya sebagai asas model. Dapatan ini bukan sahaja memperkukuh pembangunan model perkhidmatan hotel patuh Syariah, malah memberikan implikasi penting kepada industri perhotelan Islam dalam memastikan pematuhan berteraskan Maqasid Syariah dapat dilaksanakan secara menyeluruh.

UNDERSTANDING AS A DRIVER OF FAMILY WAQF PARTICIPATION READINESS: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA

2026-06-16T10:15:32+08:00

Family waqf (waqaf zuriat) is increasingly recognised as a strategic instrument in Islamic social finance due to its potential in preserving intergenerational wealth and supporting sustainable socioeconomic development. However, participation in family waqf remains limited despite growing public awareness. Therefore, this study aims to examine the role of understanding as a driver of participation readiness in family waqf and to compare the level of understanding and participation readiness between Malaysia and Indonesia. This study employed a quantitative cross-sectional survey design involving 297 Muslim respondents, comprising 160 respondents from Malaysia and 137 respondents from Indonesia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using SPSS through descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference between Malaysian and Indonesian respondents in terms of understanding and participation readiness toward family waqf. Nevertheless, understanding was found to have a positive and significant relationship with participation readiness (r = 0.560, p < 0.001). Regression analysis further confirmed that understanding significantly predicts participation readiness (β = 0.560, p < 0.001), explaining 31.4% of the variance in participation readiness. The findings indicate that understanding functions as an important cognitive driver influencing individuals’ willingness to participate in family waqf. The study contributes to the Islamic social finance literature by emphasising the importance of educational and institutional strategies in strengthening sustainable participation in family waqf.

THE APPLICATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF HADITH ON QIBLAH: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

2026-04-23T15:17:37+08:00

The interpretation of Hadith concerning Qiblah has historically occupied a significant place in Islamic scholarship, particularly in relation to ritual worship, mosque orientation, navigation, and the determination of the direction of prayer. Classical scholars relied on textual analysis, jurisprudential reasoning, astronomical observation, and geographical estimation to understand and apply Prophetic traditions related to Qiblah. In the contemporary era, rapid advancements in digital technologies have introduced new possibilities for enhancing the interpretation and practical implementation of these Hadith. This article examines the application of digital technologies in the interpretation of Hadith on Qiblah by analysing both the opportunities and challenges associated with this transformation. Using a qualitative library-based research approach, the study reviews classical Islamic sources alongside recent literature on digital humanities, Islamic studies, geospatial systems, and artificial intelligence. The findings indicate that technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), satellite imagery, mobile prayer applications, digital Hadith databases, machine learning, and augmented reality have significantly improved the accessibility, precision, and contextual understanding of Qiblah-related traditions. These tools enable accurate directional calculations, multilingual dissemination of Hadith sources, comparative jurisprudential analysis, and user-friendly guidance for Muslims worldwide. However, several challenges remain, including methodological overreliance on automation, inaccuracies in poorly designed applications, differences among juristic schools, data reliability concerns, limited scholarly supervision, and ethical issues related to algorithmic bias and religious authority. The study argues that digital technologies should complement rather than replace traditional scholarly methodologies grounded in the Qur’an, Sunnah, and established fiqh principles. A balanced integration between revealed knowledge (naqli) and rational-technological tools (‘aqli) is therefore essential. The article concludes that when responsibly developed and guided by qualified scholars, digital technologies can strengthen contemporary understanding of Hadith on Qiblah while preserving the authenticity and integrity of Islamic knowledge traditions.

THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN ISLAMIC BANKS ON ENHANCING CITIZENSHIP: THE MODERATING ROLE OF ISLAMIC VALUES (AN ANALYTICAL THEORETICAL STUDY)

2026-06-22T11:54:26+08:00

This study provides a theoretical analysis of the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Islamic banks and its contribution to enhancing public citizenship within an Islamic ethical framework. The topic remains in need of further theoretical grounding and systematic analysis in the contemporary literature. The study aims to develop a conceptual framework that explains the relationship between CSR as an independent variable and public citizenship as a dependent variable, while incorporating Islamic values as a moderating variable that strengthens and shapes this relationship. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on a comprehensive review and analysis of the relevant literature on Islamic banking, corporate social responsibility, public citizenship, and Islamic values. The theoretical analysis suggests that CSR practices in Islamic banks, when guided by Islamic values, have the potential to promote ethical behavior, strengthen social trust, and foster alignment between institutional and societal objectives, thereby enhancing the dimensions of public citizenship. The study contributes a conceptual framework that provides a foundation for future empirical research and recommends conducting empirical studies to validate the proposed relationships in different contexts.

تقدم هذه الدراسة تحليلًا نظريًا لدور المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات في البنوك الإسلامية وإسهامها في تعزيز المواطنة العامة في إطار أخلاقي إسلامي. ولا يزال هذا الموضوع بحاجة إلى مزيد من التأصيل النظري والتحليل المنهجي في الأدبيات المعاصرة. وتهدف الدراسة إلى بناء إطار مفاهيمي يفسر العلاقة بين المسؤولية الاجتماعية بوصفها متغيرًا مستقلاً، والمواطنة العامة بوصفها متغيرًا تابعًا، مع إدماج القيم الإسلامية كمتغير معدل يعزز هذه العلاقة ويوجهها. واعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي القائم على المراجعة والتحليل الشامل للأدبيات ذات الصلة بالبنوك الإسلامية، والمسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات، والمواطنة العامة، والقيم الإسلامية. وتشير نتائج التحليل النظري إلى أن ممارسات المسؤولية الاجتماعية في البنوك الإسلامية، عندما تستند إلى القيم الإسلامية، تمتلك القدرة على تعزيز السلوك الأخلاقي، وتقوية الثقة الاجتماعية، وتحقيق المواءمة بين الأهداف المؤسسية والأهداف المجتمعية، بما يسهم في تعزيز أبعاد المواطنة العامة. كما تقدم الدراسة إطارًا مفاهيميًا يشكل أساسًا للدراسات التطبيقية المستقبلية، وتوصي بإجراء دراسات ميدانية للتحقق من العلاقات المقترحة في سياقات مختلفة.

SHARIAH VIOLATIONS CONCERNING USURY AND PARTNERSHIP IN HOME-BASED COMMERCE AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE SALE CONTRACT

2026-04-06T10:08:20+08:00

This juristic and usuli research addresses the major Shariah violations related to usury (riba) and partnership in home-based trade, aiming to examine their impact on the validity of sales contracts from both normative and legal perspectives. The study employs an inductive, analytical, and usuli methodology, drawing upon Quranic and Prophetic evidences, juristic discussions, and foundational principles such as “al-kharaj bil-daman” (liability with profit), “what is forbidden to consume is forbidden to sell,” and “harm must be removed.” Findings confirm that usurious transactions in home-based commerce are no different in ruling from those in public markets; they are strictly prohibited and render the contract void or invalid. Likewise, partnerships guaranteeing fixed profits are invalid due to excessive uncertainty, injustice, and contradiction with the maqasid of Shariah in achieving justice and preserving wealth. The study concludes with a call to raise legal awareness among home-based traders and to regulate their transactions in accordance with sound fiqh principles to ensure fairness and validity of contracts.

ملخص البحث

يتناول هذا البحث الفقهي والأصولي أبرز المخالفات الشرعية المتعلقة بالربا والشراكة في التجارة المنزلية، ويهدف إلى بيان أثر هذه المخالفات على صحة عقد البيع من حيث الحكم التكليفي والوضعي. اعتمد الباحث على المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي التأصيلي، وذلك من خلال استقراء النصوص الشرعية من القرآن والسنة، وتحليل أقوال الفقهاء، وردّ المسائل إلى القواعد الأصولية الكبرى مثل قاعدة "الخراج بالضمان"، و"ما حرم أكله حرم بيعه"، وقاعدة "الضرر يزال". وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن المعاملات الربوية في التجارة المنزلية لا تختلف في الحكم عن نظائرها في الأسواق العامة، فهي محرمة قطعًا وتؤدي إلى بطلان العقد أو فساده، كما أن الشراكات القائمة على ضمان ربح ثابت تُعد عقودًا فاسدة لما تشتمل عليه من غرر وظلم ومصادمة لمقاصد الشريعة في تحقيق العدل وحفظ المال. وتخلص الدراسة إلى الدعوة لتعزيز الوعي الشرعي لدى ممارسي التجارة المنزلية وضبط معاملاتهم وفق الأصول الفقهية المعتبرة، ضمانًا لسلامة العقود وعدالتها.