al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies

THE ROLE OF THE SULTAN/RULER IN ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS UNDER MALAYSIAN LAW

Mohamad Afandi Ismail — 2026-01-24

Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy with the coexistence of two legal systems: civil law and Shariah law. Under the Federal Constitution, the Malay Rulers or Sultans are vested with authority over matters related to Islam, serving as the heads of Islam in their respective states. Nevertheless, several incidents in the country have revealed that segments of society still lack a clear understanding of the role of the monarchy in Islamic affairs. This study aims to examine the legal provisions governing the authority of the Sultans or Rulers in relation to Islamic matters. Employing a qualitative approach, the analysis focuses on primary documents, including the Federal Constitution, state-level Islamic Administration Enactments, and selected judicial decisions that address relevant issues. A review of existing scholarly works was also conducted to strengthen the findings. The study reveals that the role of the Sultans extends beyond symbolic representation; it encompasses technical and critical functions, including the formulation of Islamic administrative policies and the enactment of Islamic laws within their states. Overall, the Sultans hold absolute authority as custodians of Islam, positioning the monarchy as the guardian of Islamic sanctity and values in Malaysia. The implications of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the nexus between constitutional monarchy, religion, governance, and the legal framework in Malaysia.

Abstrak

Malaysia adalah sebuah negara yang mengamalkan sistem Raja Berpelembagaan dengan pelaksanaan dua sistem perundangan iaitu undang-undang sivil dan Syariah. Sebagai seorang Raja atau Sultan, Perlembagaan Persekutuan telah memperuntukkan kuasa bagi perkara yang berkait dengan agama Islam kepada Raja atau Sultan bagi setiap negeri sebagai ketua bagi agama Islam. Namun begitu, beberapa peristiwa yang telah berlaku dalam negara ini, menunjukkan terdapat segelintir masyarakat yang kurang memahami peranan Sultan atau Raja terkait hal ehwal agama Islam. Maka, kajian ini bertujuan meneliti peranan Sultan atau Raja terhadap hal ehwal agama Islam menurut peruntukan undang-undang yang ada. Melalui kajian secara kualitatif, analisis akan dilaksanakan terhadap dokumen utama meliputi Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Enakmen Pentadbiran Agama Islam di setiap negeri, serta tinjauan terhadap beberapa kes mahkamah yang telah diputuskan menyentuh tentang hal terbabit. Penilitian kepada beberapa penulisan lepas yang berkait juga akan dilaksanakan bagi mengukuhkan dapatan kajian. Hasil kajian menyatakan bahawa Sultan atau Raja mempunyai fungsi yang luas dalam hal ehwal Islam, yang bukan semata-mata bersifat simbolik malah fungsi yang dimainkan adalah bersifat teknikal dan kritikal meliputi aspek pembinaan dasar pentadbiran dan penggubalan undang-undang Islam di dalam negeri. Secara keseluruhannya, Sultan atau Raja memiliki kuasa mutlak sebagai penjaga agama Islam dan menjadikan institusi beraja di Malaysia sebagai penaung dalam memelihara kesucian agama Islam dan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalamnya. Implikasi kajian ini memberikan suatu kefahaman yang menyeluruh berhubung hubungan antara sistem Raja Berpelembagaan dengan aspek agama, sistem pemerintahan dan perundangan bagi negara Malaysia.

HAMKA’S APPROACH TO DA‘WAH AND POLITICS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPRETATION OF VERSES RELATED TO THE PROPHETIC BIOGRAPHY

Mohd Arubi Ismail — 2026-01-24

Da'wah and politics are two important components of Islam that complement each other in carrying out the duties of the vicegerency. However, both components are often discussed separately, the integration of them is rarely discussed in depth especially based on the interpretation of the Quran. This study aims to examine the da'wah and political approach highlighted by Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah (HAMKA) through Tafsir al-Azhar, especially in interpreting verses related to Life of the Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H. in a contemporary context. The verses of Sirah Nabawiyyah were chosen for study because the Prophet P.B.U.H serves as a guide in preaching and politics. This study is qualitative in nature, employing content analysis of HAMKA’s interpretations of Qur’anic verses related to the Sirah Nabawiyyah. The selection of verses is based on previous scholarly works, authoritative tafsir, and historical context. The data are analysed inductively and thematically to identify HAMKA’s da‘wah and political approaches, and literature triangulation is used to strengthen the reliability of the findings. The findings of the study show that HAMKA does not only discuss textually, but also emphasizes contextual and practical descriptions related to da'wah and politics. HAMKA's da'wah approach is focused on aspects of the personal formation of the preacher, the basics of faith, the application of jurisprudence in contemporary times, moral values, as well as responses to social issues. Meanwhile, his political approach is focused on aspects of Islamic political values, the concept of nationalisme and the policies of administration and management of the country based on Sirah Nabawiyyah. This study concludes that HAMKA's approach has the potential to become a primary reference in understanding the relevance of Sirah Nabawiyyah in addressing contemporary da'wah and political challenges. This article contributes to a broader understanding of the relevance of the Sirah Nabawiyyah as a guide to be practiced in modern times.

Abstrak

Dakwah dan politik merupakan dua komponen penting dalam Islam yang saling melengkapi dalam melaksanakan tugas kekhalifahan. Meskipun begitu, kedua-duanya sering dibincangkan secara berasingan, integrasi kedua-duanya jarang dibincangkan secara mendalam khasnya berdasarkan tafsiran al-Quran. Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti pendekatan dakwah dan politik yang diketengahkan oleh Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah (HAMKA) melalui Tafsir al-Azhar, khususnya dalam mentafsir ayat-ayat berkaitan Sirah Nabi Muhammad SAW dalam konteks kontemporari. Ayat-ayat Sirah Nabawiyyah dipilih untuk dikaji kerana Nabi SAW merupakan panduan dalam berdakwah dan berpolitik. Kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif melalui analisis kandungan huraian HAMKA terhadap ayat al-Quran berkaitan Sirah Nabawiyyah. Pemilihan ayat dibuat berasaskan rujukan karya terdahulu, tafsir muktabar dan konteks sejarah. Data dianalisis secara induktif dan tematik bagi mengenal pasti pendekatan dakwah dan politik HAMKA serta triangulasi literatur digunakan bagi mengukuhkan kebolehpercayaan dapatan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa HAMKA bukan hanya mengupas secara tekstual, malah menekankan huraian yang bersifat kontekstual dan praktikal berkaitan dakwah dan politik. Pendekatan dakwah HAMKA tertumpu pada aspek pembentukan peribadi pendakwah, asas-asas akidah, aplikasi hukum pada zaman kontemporari, nilai-nilai akhlak, serta respons terhadap isu-isu kemasyarakatan. Sementara itu, pendekatan politik beliau pula tertumpu pada aspek nilai-nilai politik Islam, konsep kenegaraan dan dasar-dasar pentadbiran dan pengurusan negara berteraskan Sirah Nabawiyyah. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa pendekatan HAMKA berpotensi menjadi rujukan utama dalam memahami relevansi Sirah Nabawiyyah bagi menangani cabaran dakwah dan politik semasa. Artikel ini menyumbang kepada pemahaman lebih meluas terhadap relevansi panduan Sirah Nabawiyyah untuk dipraktikkan pada zaman moden.

THE RATIONALE OF HADITH ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA ACCORDING TO THE MUHADDITHIN: AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM FOR FILTERING WEAK AND FABRICATED HADITHS

Dzulfaidhi Hakimie Dzulraidi — 2026-01-24

This study discusses the rationale behind the establishment of the conditions for a saḥīḥ (authentic) hadith according to the muḥaddithīn (hadith scholars), focusing on how these conditions function as a mechanism to filter out weak and fabricated hadiths. Although the conditions for a saḥīḥ hadith such as the continuity of the chain of narration (ittiṣāl al-sanad), the integrity of narrators, accuracy of memory, absence of shudhūdh (irregularity), and absence of hidden defects (‘illah) are often explained through technical definitions, this study argues that the underlying logic behind these five conditions has not been sufficiently explored as an integrated system that complements each other to screen problematic narrations. Using a qualitative approach based on textual analysis and a comparison of scholarly views, this study examines how each condition acts as a layered filter to prevent flawed reports from being accepted as authentic. The findings show that a deeper understanding of the rationale behind these conditions not only strengthens the discipline of hadith criticism but also helps to curb the spread of weak or fabricated narrations within the community. This study is expected to serve as a reference for improving the teaching of muṣṭalah al-ḥadīth by emphasising the wisdom behind these conditions.

Abstrak

Kajian ini membincangkan rasional di sebalik penetapan syarat hadith sahih oleh para muḥaddithīn dengan memberi fokus kepada fungsinya sebagai mekanisme penapisan hadith lemah dan palsu. Walaupun syarat-syarat hadith sahih sering dijelaskan secara definisi teknikal seperti bersambung sanad, keadilan perawi, ketepatan hafalan, ketiadaan shudhūdh (kejanggalan) dan ketiadaan ‘illah (kecacatan tersembunyi), namun kajian ini berpandangan bahawa logik di sebalik kelima-lima syarat tersebut belum dibincangkan secara mendalam sebagai satu sistem yang saling melengkapi untuk menapis hadith bermasalah. Melalui analisis kualitatif berasaskan pendekatan tekstual dan perbandingan pandangan ulama hadith, kajian ini meneliti bagaimana setiap syarat berperanan sebagai ‘penapis’ berlapis yang dapat menghalang riwayat yang cacat daripada diterima sebagai sahih. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pemahaman mendalam terhadap rasional syarat-syarat ini bukan sahaja mengukuhkan disiplin kritik hadith, malah dapat membantu mengekang penularan riwayat yang lemah atau palsu dalam masyarakat. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi rujukan untuk memperkukuh pengajaran ilmu Muṣṭalah hadith dengan memberi penekanan kepada hikmah di sebalik penetapan syarat-syarat tersebut.

INITIAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AL-‘ARABIYYAH LI AL-‘IBADAH (‘ALI) MODULE FOR LIFELONG LEARNING (PSH) BASED ON THE INTEGRATION OF NAQLI AND AQLI KNOWLEDGE (INAQ)

Azlan Shaiful Baharum — 2026-01-24

Arabic language is the main medium of the Quran, hadith, prayer and worship, therefore its basic mastery is an important prerequisite for understanding and appreciating the beauty of the method. However, various studies have found that the level of basic Arabic language mastery among them is still low, thus affecting the ability to understand daily worship texts. Although many Arabic language modules have been developed, most of them are purely academic and examination-oriented without specific integration with worship practices. Based on this need, this study aims to develop the al-‘Arabiyyah li al-‘Ibadah (‘ALI) Module with the Integration of Naqli and ‘Aqli Knowledge (INAQ) approach as the basis of pedagogy and instructional design. This study uses a developmental research design with qualitative and quasi-experimental methods. Data were collected through content analysis of worship texts (Qur'an, hadith, prayer, dhikr), semi-structured interviews with Arabic and Sharia experts, and pre- and post-module tests on target students. Content analysis maps the vocabulary and grammatical structure of worship, while expert interviews refine the module framework. A quasi-experimental test using a questionnaire instrument and a worship language test was conducted to measure students' understanding, motivation and confidence. The findings showed that the 'ALI module improved students' understanding of worship vocabulary, accuracy in reciting prayers and verses of the Qur'an, and motivation with moderate to high n-gain scores. In conclusion, this module has the potential to transfer the INAQ concept from the philosophical level to the practical application of worship. It is hoped that this module can be used as a reference in teaching the Arabic language of worship and its use can be expanded in Islamic educational institutions and the wider community.

Abstrak

Bahasa Arab merupakan medium utama al-Quran, hadis, doa dan ibadah, justeru penguasaan asasnya menjadi prasyarat penting untuk kefahaman serta penghayatan ibadah umat Islam. Namun, pelbagai kajian mendapati tahap penguasaan bahasa Arab asas dalam kalangan mereka masih rendah, sekali gus menjejaskan keupayaan memahami teks ibadah harian. Walaupun modul bahasa Arab telah banyak dibangunkan, kebanyakannya berorientasikan akademik dan peperiksaan semata-mata tanpa integrasi khusus dengan amalan ibadah. Berasaskan keperluan ini, kajian ini bertujuan membangunkan Modul al-‘Arabiyyah li al-‘Ibadah (‘ALI) dengan pendekatan Integrasi Ilmu Naqli dan ‘Aqli (INAQ) sebagai asas pedagogi dan reka bentuk instruksional. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk penyelidikan pembangunan (developmental research) dengan kaedah kualitatif dan kuasi-eksperimen. Data dikumpul melalui analisis kandungan teks ibadah (al-Qur’an, hadis, doa, zikir), temu bual separa berstruktur bersama pakar bahasa Arab dan syariah, serta praujian dan pascaujian modul terhadap pelajar sasaran. Analisis kandungan memetakan kosa kata dan struktur tatabahasa ibadah, manakala temubual pakar memurnikan kerangka modul. Ujian kuasi-eksperimen menggunakan instrumen soal selidik dan ujian bahasa ibadah dijalankan bagi mengukur kefahaman, motivasi dan keyakinan pelajar. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan bahawa modul ‘ALI meningkatkan kefahaman kosa kata ibadah, ketepatan bacaan doa dan ayat al-Qur’an, serta motivasi pelajar dengan skor n-gain sederhana hingga tinggi. Kesimpulannya, modul ini berpotensi memindahkan konsep INAQ daripada aras falsafah kepada aplikasi amali ibadah. Diharapkan modul ini dapat dijadikan rujukan dalam pengajaran bahasa Arab Ibadah dan diperluas penggunaannya di institusi pendidikan Islam serta komuniti yang lebih meluas.

THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC FACTS IN ENHANCING THE ACTIVITY OF READING THE AL-QURAN TO STRENGTHEN THE ELEMENTS OF FAITH: AN ANALYSIS REGARDING THE VERSE 37 OF YASIN

Shaik Abdullah Hassan Mydin — 2026-01-24

Strengthening the element of faith to bring out the life of individual humans who are generally on the verge of loss. Hence, the strategy for implementing it is through the practice of reading the Quran. However, it is not enough to simply read it with correct tajweed, fluent pronunciation and a melodious voice. The demand for applying the reading in the form of practice is more important. Therefore, the appreciation of the reading of the Quran as the initial process needs to be given attention. Thus, the application of the role of scientific facts can be a catalyst for the appreciation of the reading which in turn will strengthen the element of faith due to successfully applying the reading in the form of practice. After all, the purpose of this paper is to detail the role of scientific facts as a catalyst for the appreciation of reading towards strengthening the element of faith for individual humans so that they do not continue to be in a cocoon of losses. The completion of this literature study uses basic qualitative methods with the adaptation of document analysis for data collection and the implementation of content analysis for the extraction of findings. Finally, the findings show that the details of the description related to scientific facts based on verse 37 of Surah Yasin are loaded with the value of knowledge which plays a role as a catalyst for the appreciation of reading towards strengthening the element of faith for individual humans in establishing a life that is not in loss at any time.

Abstrak

Pengukuhan terhadap elemen iman bagi mengeluarkan hidup individu insan yang secara umumnya berada dalam sempadan kerugian. Maka, strategi terhadap pengukuhan elemen iman itu dapat dilaksanakan menerusi penekunan pembacaan al-Quran. Namun, tidak memadai sekadar membacanya dengan tajwid yang betul, sebutan yang fasih dan alunan suara yang merdu sahaja. Tuntutan pengaplikasian bacaan tersebut dalam bentuk amalan adalah lebih utama. Oleh demikian, penghayatan bacaan al-Quran sebagai proses awal tersebut perlu diberi perhatian. Justeru, penerapan berkenaan peranan ilmu fakta saintifik berupaya menjadi pemangkin kepada penghayatan bacaan tersebut yang seterusnya menatijahkan pengukuhan elemen iman disebabkan berjaya mengaplikasikan bacaan dalam bentuk amalan. Maka, tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk memperincikan peranan ilmu fakta saintifik sebagai pemangkin kepada penghayatan bacaan terhadap pengukuhan elemen iman individu insan agar tidak berterusan berada dalam kepompong kerugian. Penuntasan kajian kepustakaan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif asas dengan pengadaptasian analisis dokumen bagi pengumpulan data dan pelaksanaan analisis kandungan bagi penggalian hasil dapatan. Akhirnya, hasil dapatan menunjukkan perincian huraian berkaitan fakta saintifik berasaskan ayat 37 surah Yasin adalah sarat dengan nilai ilmu yang memainkan peranan sebagai pemangkin kepada penghayatan bacaan terhadap pengukuhan elemen iman bagi individu insan dalam menatijahkan kehidupan yang tidak berada dalam kerugian pada sebarang waktu.

EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS OF ISTIHALAH FATWAS IN ADDRESSING MODERN FOOD INNOVATIONS

Sarifatul Kamaliah Taufek Effendi — 2026-01-24

As global technological advancement continues to evolve, the issue of modern food similarly occupies a central place in global discourse. It remains a topic of ongoing attention and discussion in line with the development of contemporary lifestyles. However, a persistent and challenging issue involves the status of food that has undergone mixing processes with ingredients whose halal status is questionable. Islam, as a comprehensive religion, provides clear foundational principles regarding halal and haram in food consumption for daily application. The concept of istihalah, defined as the transformation of a substance from its original natural form and properties into a different form and nature, is introduced as a key approach to addressing challenges related to modern food. This paper aims to explore the issue of istihalah and the role of contemporary fatwas in relation to modern food production in Malaysia. This is particularly relevant given that many current food products introduced by manufacturers are blended with various ingredients to the extent that their original form and nature are no longer recognizable. The discussion refers to the positions of authoritative fatwa bodies, including the Special Muzakarah of the National Fatwa Committee for Islamic Religious Affairs Malaysia and the International Islamic Fiqh Academy. This study employs a qualitative approach through library research, referring to reliable journals and internet sources as its primary data. The findings reveal that classical and contemporary scholars (fuqaha) have long differed in their acceptance of the concept of istihalah, and scientists likewise hold varying views on the technical transformation that occurs, which has led contemporary fatwas to adopt more cautious (ihtiyat) stances in determining its application in modern food products. This article also serves as a reminder for Muslim consumers to remain informed and place trust in authoritative rulings made by recognized institutions for the greater public interest (maslahah).

Sebagaimana perkembangan teknologi global berputar, begitulah juga isu makanan moden memenuhi ruang lingkup polemik dunia. Isu makanan moden akan terus menjadi tumpuan dan sering dibincangkan sejajar dengan perkembangan kehidupan. Namun, permasalahan yang selalu timbul dan sukar untuk dibendung adalah berkaitan status makanan yang telah melalui proses percampuran daripada sumber-sumber yang tidak diyakini kehalalannya. Islam sebagai agama yang sempurna telah menyediakan dasar dan prinsip umum mengenai halal haram dalam pemakanan untuk dipraktikkan pada kegunaan harian. Konsep Istihalah yang difahami sebagai perubahan sesuatu daripada bentuk semulajadi dan sifatnya yang asal kepada bentuk dan sifat yang lain, merupakan konsep yang diketengahkan bagi menangani persoalan dalam isu makanan moden. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan peranan fatwa kontemporari sebagai autoriti untuk menetapkan hukum hakam dalam menangani isu-isu fiqh berkaitan berkaitan penghasilan makanan moden di Malaysia, khususnya apabila melibatkan konsep istihalah yang menjadi asas pertimbangan dalam menentukan status kehalalan bahan yang mengalami transformasi sifat. Ini berikutan banyak produk atau sumber makanan pada masa kini yang dikeluarkan oleh pengusaha telah dicampur dengan pelbagai bahan sehingga tidak dikenali kerana telah berubah sifat asalnya. Perbincangan ini merujuk kepada pandangan beberapa badan fatwa termasuklah Muzakarah Khas Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Agama Islam Malaysia dan International Islamic Fiqh Academy. Kajian artikel ini bersifat kualitatif dengan melibatkan kajian kepustakaan dengan merujuk beberapa jurnal dan rujukan internet yang boleh dipercayai sebagai sumber data. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa para fuqaha sejak dahulu lagi telah berselisih pendapat dalam menerima konsep istihalah bahkan para saintis juga mempunyai pandangan yang berbeza tentang teknikal perubahan yang berlaku sehingga memberi kesan kepada fatwa-fatwa kontemporari dengan lebih berihtiyat terhadap keputusan-keputusan berkaitan pengaplikasian istihalah dalam produk makanan moden. Penulisan ini juga, mengingatkan agar pengguna Muslim sentiasa bersedia dan mempercayai setiap keputusan yang dihakimkan oleh pihak berautoriti demi kemaslahatan bersama.

HALAL ANIMAL FEED IN MALAYSIA: A PATHWAY TOWARDS A RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN

Nurulaina Saidin — 2026-01-24

Animal feed is regarded as one of the Halal control points in animal-based food production. Improper feeding practices, repeatedly reported in the media, have led to the issuance of national and states fatwas in 2007, declaring animals fed with non-Halal feed or impurities as impermissible for consumption. Hence, ensuring that animals are provided with Halal feed is a judicious step to uphold the Halal integrity of livestock products. However, various risks concerning safety, quality, and Halal compliance remain significant challenges in the production of Halal animal feed. The objective of this paper is to explore the major challenges in developing Halal animal feed standards in Malaysia and to propose a conceptual pathway for a Halal Risk Management Plan (HRMP) that can ensure Halal integrity throughout the animal feed supply chain. This study adopts a qualitative research methodology using document analysis of fatwas, Halal standards, feed regulations, and relevant academic literature. The analysis identifies key issues related to Shariah interpretation, regulatory frameworks, industry readiness, and global trade, and synthesizes them thematically to propose a conceptual framework for Halal assurance in animal feed production. Addressing these issues could position Malaysia to pioneer Halal feed certification in the future and further strengthen the integrity of its livestock-based food supply chain.

EMPLOYING USŪLĪ STUDIES IN UNDERSTANDING THE PROPHETIC SUNNAH: THE METHODOLOGY OF YŪSUF AL-QARĀḌĀWĪ

Abdul Hakim Suhaimi — 2026-01-24

This study aims to explore the methodology of Shaykh Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī in understanding the Prophetic Sunnah by linking the principles he presented in his book “Kayfa Nata‘āmal ma‘a al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah” with Uṣūl al-Fiqh studies. The significance of this research lies in addressing a scholarly gap: most previous studies have focused on analyzing al-Qaraḍāwī’s maqāṣid-based methodology from the perspective of Fiqh or Uṣūl al-Fiqh, while insufficient attention has been given to his methodological connection with Uṣūl al-Fiqh and his application of Uṣūlī principles in addressing hadith texts. Accordingly, this study analyzes the examples provided in his book for each principle from an Uṣūlī perspective, thereby highlighting the integration of hadith studies within the framework of uṣūl al-fiqh. The researcher employed descriptive, inductive, and analytical methods to examine al-Qaraḍāwī’s applied examples and compare them with Uṣūlī discussions such as the hierarchy of evidence, inductive reasoning, reconciliation and preference (tarjīḥ), consideration of higher objectives (maqāṣid), and the semantics of legal language. The findings indicate that the eight principles set forth by al-Qaraḍāwī for understanding the Sunnah can be summarized into five main themes, which affirm the methodological integration between Uṣūl al-Fiqh and hadith studies. Thus, the study contributes to renewing the methodology of engaging with the Prophetic Sunnah through a systematic Uṣūlī reading.

ملخص البحث

يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن منهج يوسف القرضاوي في فهم السنة النبوية من خلال ربط المعالم التي عرضها في كتابه "كيف نتعامل مع السنة النبوية" بالدراسات الأصولية. وتبرز أهمية هذا البحث في سد فراغ علمي؛ إذ أكثر الدراسات السابقة تتركز على تحليل المنهج المقاصدي للقرضاوي من جانب الفقه أو علم الأصول، بينما لم تبرز بالقدر الكافي بصلته المنهجية بعلم الأصول ولا بكيفية توظيفه للضوابط الأصولية في معالجة النصوص الحديثية. ومن هنا، جاء هذا البحث محللا الأمثلة الواردة في كتابه لكل معلم من منظور أصولي؛ بما يظهر دمج علم الحديث في إطار أصول الفقه. وقد سلك الباحث في هذه الدراسة المنهج الوصفي والاستقرائي والتحليلي؛ لتحليل الأمثلة التطبيقية التي ساقها القرضاوي ومقارنتها بمباحث الأصوليين مثل: ترتيب الأدلة، الاستقراء، درء التعارض والترجيح، مراعاة المقاصد، ودلالات الألفاظ. وأظهرت النتائج أن المعالم الثمانية التي وضعها القرضاوي لفهم السنة يمكن تلخيصها في خمسة مطالب رئيسية تؤكد التكامل بين علمي أصول الفقه والحديث. وبذلك، يسهم البحث في تجديد منهجية التعامل مع السنة النبوية عبر قراءة أصولية متكاملة

JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF NUSHŪZ: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE AFGHAN AND MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEMS

Mohamed Rashid Ab Razak — 2026-01-24

Marital disobedience (nushuz) remains one of the most contested issues in Islamic jurisprudence and family law, with direct implications for spousal rights and family stability, particularly in contexts oscillating between Sharia principles, customary norms, and modern legal frameworks. Previous scholarship has largely focused either on theoretical jurisprudence or on single-country case studies, leaving a gap in comparative research across Muslim-majority states with divergent legal systems, such as Afghanistan and Malaysia. This study aims to analyze marital disobedience through a comparative examination of Afghan and Malaysian Sharia courts, exploring how Islamic jurisprudence interacts with customary practices and codified laws, and highlighting the gap between legal texts and judicial practice. The research employs a comparative legal-doctrinal method, drawing on classical fiqh sources, statutory laws, international reports, and selected case law from both jurisdictions. The study finds that Afghan adjudication is deeply shaped by tribal customs, which undermine women’s procedural safeguards, while the Malaysian system provides a more structured institutional framework with codified rules and procedural guarantees, though unevenly applied across states. The study contributes to the literature by offering a comparative model that uncovers the interplay of law, Sharia, and social context in addressing nusyuz. It recommends legal and judicial reforms that balance the higher objectives of Sharia with contemporary notions of justice.

ملخص البحث

تشكّل قضايا النشوز أحد أبرز التحديات في الفقه الإسلامي والقانون الأسري، لما لها من انعكاسات مباشرة على استقرار الأسرة وحقوق الزوجين، خاصة في المجتمعات التي التي تواجه تداخلا بين النصوص الشرعية والأعراف أو التشريعات الحديثة .معظم الدراسات السابقة اقتصرت إما على الجانب الفقهي النظري أو على تجارب محلية منفردة، مع غياب دراسات مقارنة معمقة بين دول إسلامية ذات أنظمة قانونية متباينة، مثل أفغانستان وماليزيا. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل ومعالجة قضايا النشوز من خلال مقارنة القضاء الشرعي في أفغانستان وماليزيا، للكشف عن كيفية تفاعل الفقه الإسلامي مع الأعراف المحلية أو التشريعات الحديثة، واستجلاء الفجوة بين النصوص والتطبيق. اعتمد البحث على منهج مقارن، بالاستناد إلى تحليل النصوص الفقهية والتشريعات الرسمية والتقارير الدولية، مع مراجعة أحكام قضائية مختارة من كلا البلدين. أظهرت الدراسة أن النظام الأفغاني يتأثر بعمق بالأعراف القبلية التي تضعف الضمانات القانونية للمرأة، في حين يقدم النظام الماليزي إطارًا مؤسسيًا أكثر تنظيمًا عبر تقنين النشوز وضمانات إجرائية، لكنه يعاني من تفاوت في التطبيق بين الولايات. تسهم الدراسة في إثراء الأدبيات العلمية عبر تقديم نموذج مقارن يكشف أثر السياق الاجتماعي والقانوني على تطبيق أحكام النشوز، وتوصي بضرورة إصلاح تشريعي وقضائي يوازن بين مقاصد الشريعة ومتطلبات العدالة المعاصرة

MODERATION IN THE JURISPRUDENCE OF IMAM SHAFI‘I

Mesbahul Hoque — 2026-01-24

Islam is the religion of moderation. Moderation is the path that leads to the pleasure of Allah Almighty. It is the path that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) laid out for the reform of the nation in all times and places. It is the most just, best, and closest path to Allah, because it is safe from deviation and lies between extremism and harshness, and between excess and neglect. This research explores Imam Al-Shafi‘i's approaches to moderation in his school of jurisprudence, and portrays this Imam as a unique model of moderation for the Muslim nation. The researcher relied on the descriptive and analytical approach in his study by collecting relevant scientific material to achieve the desired goals. It became clear through the research that the features and characteristics of the concept of moderation were identified for Imam Al-Shafi‘i in various aspects of his jurisprudence; including that the principles and rules of deduction in his school did not contradict the established features of moderation; that is, the Qur'an and Sunnah are the two main references. Imam Al-Shafi‘i's moderation can be summarized in that his school of jurisprudence is a mixture of the doctrine of the People of Hadith and the doctrine of the People of Opinion. Imam Al-Shafi‘i acquired knowledge from the imams of both schools. Imam al-Shafi‘i's moderation was also evident in his politeness toward those who disagreed with his school of thought and his lack of fanaticism toward his own. The moderation of Islam was evident through the moderation, balance, and balance of Imam al-Shafi‘i's thought. Keywords: jurisprudence, moderation, school of thought, al-Shafi‘i.

ملخص البحث

الإسلام دين الوسطية، فالوسطية هو الطريق الموصل إلى رضوان الله تعالى، وهو الطريق الذي رسمه النبي ﷺ لإصلاح الأمة في كل زمان ومكان، فهو أعدل الطرق وأفضلها وأقربها إلى الله، لأنه سلم من الانحراف، وكان بين الغلو والجفاء، وبين الإفراط والتفريط، وهـذا بحث عن مقاربات الإمام الشافعي عن الوسطية في مذهبه الفقهي، وتصوير هذا الإمام بأنه يمثل نموذجا فريدا لوسطية الأمة المسلمة، وقد اعتمد الباحث في دراسته على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي وذلك من خلال جمع المادة العلمية المتعلقة للوصول للأهداف المرجوة، وقد ظهر من خلال البحث أنه تحددت معالم وملامح مفهوم الوسطية عند الإمام الشافعي في جوانب مختلفة في فقهه؛ منها أنّ الأصول وقواعد الاستنباط في مذهبه لم يخالف ملامح الوسطية المعتبرة؛ من كون الكتاب والسنة هما المرجعان الأساسيان، وتلخصت وسطية الإمام الشافعي في أنّ مذهبه الفقهي هو مزيج بين مذهب أهل الحديث ومذهب أهل الرأي، وقد أخذ الإمام الشافعي العلم عن أئمة المدرستين معاً. وظهر أيضا وسطية الإمام الشافعي في أدبه مع مخالفي مذهبه وعدم تعصبه لمذهبه؛ فظهرت وسطية الإسلام من خلال الاعتدال والوسط والتوازن في فكر الإمام الشافعي