OWNERSHIP STATUS OF HIBAH MARAD AL-MAWT: A STUDY ON THE VIEWS OF CLASSICAL AND CONTEMPORARY SCHOLARS

STATUS PEMILIKAN HIBAH DALAM KEADAAN MARAD AL-MAWT: KAJIAN TERHADAP PANDANGAN ULAMA TERDAHULU DAN KONTEMPORARI

Abstract

Hibah marad al-mawt refers to the transfer of property by an individual who is in a state of illness that is considered to lead to death. This condition is generally confirmed by medical experts or based on general signs stated by scholars. However, there is confusion regarding the ownership status of the gifted property, particularly whether such ownership is transferred absolutely to the recipient, considered void, or subject to the consent of the heirs. Questions also arise as to whether it is appropriate to delay the transfer of ownership until a certain period in order to safeguard the welfare of all parties involved. This study employs a qualitative approach through library-based analysis, involving references to classical Islamic texts (turath), academic articles, contemporary fatwas, and current opinions of Islamic jurists. The objective of the study is to analyse the views of classical and contemporary scholars regarding the legal implementation of hibah during marad al-mawt, and to examine the ownership status of hibah given in such circumstances. The findings of the study indicate that the majority of scholars are of the opinion that hibah made during marad al-mawt is subject to the laws of wasiat (bequest), meaning that it is only valid within one-third of the total estate unless approved by the heirs. In addition, the aspect of qabd (taking possession) also plays an important role in determining the validity of ownership by the recipient of the hibah in this situation. It is hoped that this study will contribute to a clearer understanding of the application of hibah marad al-mawt among members of the public.

Abstrak

Hibah marad al-mawt merujuk kepada pemberian harta oleh seseorang yang berada dalam keadaan sakit yang disifatkan sebagai membawa kepada kematian. Keadaan ini lazimnya disahkan oleh pakar perubatan atau tanda-tanda umum yang dinyatakan oleh para ulama. Walau bagaimanapun, timbul kekeliruan mengenai status pemilikan harta yang dihibahkan, khususnya sama ada pemilikan tersebut berpindah secara mutlak kepada penerima, terbatal, atau tertakluk kepada persetujuan waris. Persoalan turut timbul sama ada wajar atau tidak untuk menangguhkan pemilikan tersebut sehingga tempoh tertentu demi menjaga kemaslahatan semua pihak yang terlibat. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis kepustakaan, yang melibatkan rujukan kepada kitab-kitab turath, artikel ilmiah, fatwa-fatwa kontemporari dan pandangan semasa ulama fiqh. Objektif kajian adalah untuk menganalisis pandangan ulama klasik dan kontemporari berkenaan hukum perlaksanaan hibah dalam keadaan marad al-mawt dan menganalisis status kepemilikan hibah dalam keadaan marad al-mawt. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa majoriti ulama berpandangan bahawa pemberian hibah yang dilakukan dalam keadaan marad al-mawt adalah tertakluk kepada hukum wasiat, iaitu hanya sah dalam had satu pertiga harta kecuali mendapat persetujuan waris. Selain itu, aspek qabd (pengambilan milik) juga memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan kesahihan pemilikan penerima hibah dalam situasi ini. Diharapkan kajian ini dapat menyumbang kepada kefahaman yang jelas mengenai aplikasi hibah marad al-mawt dalam kalangan masyarakat.

Kata Kunci: Hibah, Marad al-Mawt, Wasiat, Status Pemilikan