Kedudukan Sumpah Nafyi Al-ʻilmi Dalam Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam Dan Praktisnya Di Mahkamah Syariah

The Position Of The Oath Of Nafyi Al-`Ilmi In The Islamic Law Of Evidence And Its Practice In The Shariah Court

Abstract

Oath is a method of proof that is not unfamiliar in cases of conviction or denial of an allegation. The status of oath is considered as a weak method of proof because it is only implemented after the absence of other evidence or simply to increase the judge's confidence in making a decision. However, many cases in the Syariah Courts throughout Malaysia have been decided based on the parties' oaths. Even so, when compared to other methods of proof, oaths are seen as very unique because each category contains its subdivisions. This study aims to explain the concept of oaths in general, the Nafyi al-ʻIlmi oath and its practice in the Malaysian Syariah Court, and the division and position of Nafyi al-ʻIlmi oaths in Islamic evidence law. To achieve these objectives, the researchers employed qualitative methods by collecting data from primary and secondary sources, which were then analyzed using content analysis methods. The findings of the study indicate that the provisions under the Syariah Court Evidence Act (Federal Territories) 1997 [Act 561] are insufficient, necessitating additional explanation in the 'Arahan Amalan Sumpah Mahkamah Syariah 2006' to ensure the harmonization of implementation methods. Additionally, the method of proof by oath implemented in the Syariah Court can generally be categorized into two: "the oath of proof or 'al-tawthiq" and "the oath of mere confirmation or al-ihtiath", in addition to other forms of evidence. Among the oaths that are less mentioned in fiqh books but are widely practiced in Syariah Courts is the Nafyi al-ʻIlmi oaths. The study concludes that oaths are an important method of proof in Islamic evidence law, especially in the context of the Syariah Court in Malaysia. Although considered weak compared to other methods of proof, oaths play a crucial role in completing evidence and convincing the judge. The nafyi al-ʻilmi oaths, although less discussed in fiqh books, have been proven to be widely practiced and relevant in the context of evidence in the Syariah Court.

Abstrak
Sumpah merupakan kaedah pembuktian yang tidak asing lagi sama ada bagi kes pensabitan atau penafian sesuatu dakwaan. Status sumpah dianggap kaedah pembuktian yang lemah kerana ia hanya dilaksanakan setelah ketiadaan bukti-bukti lain atau sekadar menambahkan keyakinan hakim dalam membuat keputusan. Namun begitu, sebenarnya terdapat banyak kes di Mahkamah Syariah di seluruh Malaysia yang telah diputuskan berdasarkan sumpah pihak-pihak. Walaupun begitu, jika dibandingkan dengan kaedah pembuktian lain, sumpah dilihat sangat unik kerana setiap kategori mengandungi pecahan-pecahan tersendiri. Dalam kajian ini, penyelidik akan menjelaskan berkaitan konsep sumpah secara umum, sumpah yamin Nafyi al-ʻIlmi dan amalannya di Mahkamah Syariah Malaysia dan pembahagian sumpah serta kedudukan sumpah Nafsi al-‘Ilmi dalam undang-undang keterangan Islam. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, penyelidik telah menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data daripada sumber primer dan sumber sekunder yang kemudiannya dianalisis dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa peruntukan di dalam Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 [Akta 561] adalah kurang mencukupi, sehingga memerlukan satu huraian lain yang dikenali sebagai Arahan Amalan Sumpah Mahkamah Syariah 2006 bagi memastikan kaedah perlaksanaannya dapat diselaraskan. Selain itu, kaedah pembuktian secara sumpah yang dilaksanakan di Mahkamah Syariah secara umumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada dua iaitu; "sumpah kaedah pembuktian atau ‘al-tawthiq” dan “sumpah sekadar pengukuhan atau al-ihtiath” dan di sampingnya telah terdapat bukti-bukti yang lain. Di antara sumpah yang kurang disebut dalam kitab-kitab fiqh namun banyak dipraktikkan di Mahkamah Syariah adalah "sumpah Nafyi al-ʻIlmi". Kajian merumuskan bahawa, sumpah merupakan satu kaedah pembuktian yang penting dalam undang-undang keterangan Islam, terutamanya dalam konteks Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia. Walaupun dianggap lemah jika dibandingkan dengan kaedah pembuktian lain, sumpah memainkan peranan penting dalam melengkapkan bukti dan meyakinkan hakim. Sumpah Nafyi al-ʻIlmi, Walaupun kurang dibincangkan dalam kitab-kitab fiqh, telah terbukti ia banyak dipraktikkan dan relevan dalam konteks pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah.