Pendekatan Siasah Syarʻiyyah Dalam Proses Pembentukan Hukum Fiqh Semasa (Takyīf Al-Fiqhī) Berpandukan Model Fiqh Al-Muwāzanah: Kajian Terhadap Isu Semasa Pandemik Covid-19
The Approach Of Syarʻiyyah In The Formation Process Of Current Fiqh Law (Takyīf Al-Fiqhī) Guided By The Fiqh Al-Muwāzanah Model: A Study On The Current Issues Of The Covid-19 Pandemic
Keywords:
Islamic Public Policy, Takyīf al-Fiqhī, Fiqh Al-Muwazanah, Maslahat and Mafsadah, Covid-19Abstract
Islam is a dynamic religion. The dynamism of Islam exists because of the characteristics of flexibility in the process of building Islamic law. The two main characteristics of Islamic Shari'a, which are rigid and flexible, have made Islam a religion that can deal with any problem that arises throughout the ages. The rigour of Islamic law ensures that its legal principles are not torn, while its flexibility makes it always able to keep up with the times and solve problems accurately. If fiqh describes the sharia law, which is rigid, then siasah syar'iyyah is an instrument of legal construction based on the principles and general arguments of Islamic sharia that will produce flexible sharia law. The siasah shariyah approach has placed Islam and its provisions always relevant in the face of problems. One of the mechanisms of law formation in siasah is using the Muwāzanah Fiqh Model. Muwāzanah means consideration. Therefore, fiqh muwāzanah is a form of jurisprudence that considers between several maslahat or mafsadah when there is a conflict with each other. Therefore, the muwāzanah process is an emergency process. It is not the original law. It cannot be used all the time as it is only used in certain circumstances. The objective of this study was to identify the role of fiqh al-muwāzanah in building Islamic law based on maslahah and mafsadah in addition to showing how the process takes place (takyīf al-fiqhī). This study is qualitative, using a library approach, collecting primary and secondary data and then analysing it through content analysis. The results of the study show that the principle of fiqh al-muwāzanah in balancing maslahah and mafsadah plays a large role in determining the current fiqh laws.
Abstrak
Islam adalah agama yang bersifat dinamik. Dinamisme Islam itu wujud kerana adanya ciri-ciri keanjalan dalam proses pembinaan hukum Islam. Dua ciri utama syariat Islam iaitu rigid dan fleksibel, telah menjadikan Islam satu agama yang mampu menangani sebarang permasalahan yang timbul sepanjang zaman. Kerigidan hukum Islam menjamin prinsip hukumnya tidak dirobek sementara fleksibelnya menjadikan ia sentiasa mampu mengikuti perkembangan masa dan menyelesaikan masalah dengan tepat. Jika fiqh menggambarkan hukum hakam yang bersifat rigid maka siasah syar’iyyah adalah satu instrumen pembinaan hukum yang berasaskan kepada prinsip-prinsip dan dalil-dalil umum syariat Islam membuahkan hukum yang bersifat fleksibel. Pendekatan siasah telah meletakkan Islam dan hukum hakamnya sentiasa relevan mendepani permasalahan. Antara mekanisme pembentukan hukum dalam siasah ialah menggunakan Model Fiqh Muwāzanah. Muwāzanah bermaksud pertimbangan. Justeru, fiqh muwāzanah ialah satu bentuk hukum fiqh yang mempertimbangkan di antara beberapa maslahat atau mafsadah apabila wujud pertentangan antara satu sama lain. Oleh itu proses muwāzanah adalah proses ‘kecemasan’ atau darurat. Ia bukan hukum asal. Ia tidak boleh digunakan sepanjang masa sebagaimana ia hanya digunakan dalam keadaan tertentu sahaja. Objektif kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti peranan fiqh al-muwāzanah dalam membina hukum syarak berasaskan maslahah dan mafsadah selain memperlihatkan bagaimana proses itu berlaku (takyīf al-fiqhī). Kajian ini bersifat kualitatif, menggunakan pendekatan keperpustakaan, mengumpulkan data primer dan sekunder dan seterusnya menganalisanya secara analisis kandungan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa prinsip fiqh al-muwāzanah dalam menimbangi maslahah dan mafsadah memainkan peranan yang besar dalam penentuan hukum-hakam fiqh semasa.
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